Predictive factors of response to infliximab therapy in Brazilian inflammatory bowel disease patients.

Background: Biological therapies have revolutionized the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Infliximab (IFX) has been shown to be effective in inducing and maintaining remission in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, about one-third of the patients are primary non-responders, and up to half can lose response over time. Hence, it is important to assess which factors are related to treatment failure. Objectives: We aimed to identify factors predicting clinical and endoscopic remission with IFX treatment during maintenance therapy in a Brazilian IBD referral center. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study to describe demographic, clinical, and IBD therapy-related characteristics of IBD patients treated with IFX for at least 6 months in a Brazilian referral center. Subsequently, we evaluated factors associated with clinical and endoscopic remission (primary and secondary outcomes, respectively). Methods: We used descriptive statistics to summarize the essential demographic and clinical characteristics of the population. The association of sociodemographic and clinical variables with outcomes was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: A total of 131 IBD patients (the mean age 41.7 years) were enrolled in this study. Clinical and endoscopic remission were observed in 79.4% and 58.2% of the patients, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, IFX therapy duration and higher albumin levels increased the likelihood of clinical remission, while previous surgery decreased its chance. Prior use of adalimumab and higher C-reactive protein levels reduced the likelihood of endoscopic remission. Conclusion: In summary, this study has enhanced our understanding of the predictive factors of treatment response to IFX in a well-characterized Brazilian IBD population. Trial registration: 4.254.501 and 2.903.748.

Gastric and Duodenal Fistulas in Crohn's Disease, a Surgical Challenge: Report of 5 Cases and a Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND Fistulas involving the stomach and duodenum in Crohn's disease are rare (occurring in less than 1% of patients). Here, we reviewed registers from 855 patients with Crohn's disease treated in our service from January 2007 to December 2020 and found 4 cases of duodenal fistula and 1 case of gastric fistula. CASE REPORT The fistula origin was in the ileocolic segment in all cases, and all of the patients underwent preoperative optimization with improvement of nutritional status and infection control. They then underwent surgical treatment with resection of the affected segment and duodenal or gastric closure with covering by an omental patch. One case of a duodenal fistula was complicated by duodenal dehiscence. This was treated surgically with duodenojejunostomy. Each of the other patients had an uneventful postoperative course. All patients were successfully cured of their gastroduodenal fistulas, and at the time of this publication, none of them died or had fistula recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Fistulas with the involvement of the stomach and duodenum in patients with Crohn's disease are almost always due to inflammation in the ileum, colon, or previous ileocolic anastomosis. Management of this situation is complex and often requires clinical and surgical assistance; preoperative optimization of the patient's general condition can improve the surgical results. The surgical approach is based on resection of the affected segment and gastric or duodenal closure with covering by an omental patch. Gastrojejunostomy or duodenojejunostomy can be performed in selected patients with larger defects and minor jejunal disease. To prevent recurrence, prophylactic therapy with anti-TNF agents and early endoscopic surveillance are also essential for successful treatment.

A Sessile Serrated Lesion Overlying a Submucosal Colonic Lipoma: An Endoscopic Rarity Identified Using Artificial Intelligence.

BACKGROUND Lipomas are benign, slow-growing mesenchymal neoplasms, more prevalent in females, with a peak incidence in the fifth to sixth decades of life. Generally, due to their low clinical relevance, they receive little attention in the literature. Uncommon in the colon, lipomas are most often identified as an incidentaloma in asymptomatic patients during colonoscopy, and overlapping with epithelial lesions is a rare finding. Serrated polyps used to be considered as hyperplastic polyps without any malignant potential; however, currently, the serrated pathway accounts for one-third of all colorectal cancers. Here, we describe a rare case of a sessile serrated lesion on a submucosal lipoma identified with the aid of artificial intelligence. CASE REPORT A 60-year-old woman underwent screening colonoscopy for colorectal cancer after a positive fecal immunochemical test. A high-definition colonoscopy with the aid of artificial intelligence (Fujifilm CAD EYE) was performed. A flat lesion at the right colon was diagnosed with white-light endoscopy simultaneously identified by artificial intelligence, which classified the lesion as hyperplastic. Resection was performed through mucosectomy, and a sign of naked fat was observed at the base of the resected lesion. Histopathology of the specimen characterized a submucosal lipoma associated with a sessile serrated lesion. CONCLUSIONS We describe a rare case of sessile serrated lesion on a colon lipoma, identified with the aid of artificial intelligence. We carried out a brief literature review and discussed the main findings and aspects related to the literature.

Efficacy of Early Optimization of Infliximab Guided by Therapeutic Drug Monitoring during Induction-A Prospective Trial.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) during induction therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs has emerged as a strategy to optimize response to these biologics and avoid undesired outcomes related to inadequate drug exposure. This study aimed to describe clinical, biological, and endoscopic remission rates at six months in Brazilian inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients following a proactive TDM algorithm guided by IFX trough levels (ITL) and antibodies to IFX (ATI) levels during induction, at week six. A total of 111 IBD patients were prospectively enrolled, excluding those previously exposed to the drug. ITL ≥ 10 µg/mL was considered optimal. Patients with suboptimal ITL (<10 µg/mL) were guided according to ATI levels. Those who presented ATI ≤ 200 ng/mL underwent dose intensification in the maintenance phase, and patients with ATI > 200 ng/mL discontinued IFX. In our study, proactive TDM was associated with persistence in the IFX rate at six months of 82.9%. At that time, rates of clinical, biological, and endoscopic remission in patients under IFX treatment were 80.2%, 73.9%, and 48.1%, respectively. Applying a simplified TDM-guided algorithm during induction seems feasible and can help improve patients' outcomes in clinical practice.

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ADULT CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS PATIENTS: A CONSENSUS FROM THE BRAZILIAN ORGANIZATION OF CROHN'S DISEASE AND COLITIS (GEDIIB).

BACKGROUND: Despite optimized medical therapy, contemporary risk of surgery in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) after 10 years of diagnosis is 9.2% in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 26.2% in Crohn's disease, (CD) in the biological era. OBJECTIVE: This consensus aims to detail guidance to the most appropriate surgical procedures in different IBD scenarios. In addition, it details surgical indications and perioperative management of adult patients with CD and UC. METHODS: Our consensus was developed by colorectal surgeons and gastroenterologists representing the Brazilian Study Group of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (GEDIIB), with the Rapid Review methodology being conducted to support the recommendations/statements. Surgical recommendations were structured and mapped according to the disease phenotypes, surgical indications, and techniques. After structuring the recommendations/statements, the modified Delphi Panel methodology was used to conduct the voting by experts in IBD surgery and gastroenterology. This consisted of three rounds: two using a personalized and anonymous online voting platform and one face-to-face presential meeting. Whenever participants did not agree with specific statements or recommendations, an option to outline possible reasons was offered to enable free-text responses and provide the opportunity for the experts to elaborate or explain disagreement. The consensus of recommendations/statements in each round was considered to have been reached if there was ≥80% agreement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This consensus addressed the most relevant information to guide the decision-making process for adequate surgical management of CD and UC. It synthesizes recommendations developed from evidence-based statements and state-of-art knowledge. Surgical recommendations were structured and mapped according to the different disease phenotypes, indications for surgery and perioperative management. Specific focus of our consensus was given to elective and emergency surgical procedures, determining when to indicate surgery and which procedures may be the more appropriate. The consensus is targeted to gastroenterologists and surgeons interested in the treatment and management of adult patients with CD or UC and supports decision-making of healthcare payors, institutional leaders, and/or administrators.

The relationship of major depressive disorder with Crohn's disease activity.

INTRODUCTION: Crohn's disease (CD) has been related to an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders and suicide risk (SR). However, the nature of their relationship still deserves clarification. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in patients with CD, and to investigate the relationship between MDD and CD outcomes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving CD patients was performed. CD activity was evaluated by the Harvey-Bradshaw index and CD phenotype by the Montreal classification. The presence of MDD was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire score-9 (PHQ-9). Sociodemographic data and other characteristics were retrieved from electronic medical records. RESULTS: 283 patients with CD were included. The prevalence of MDD was 41.7%. Females had a risk of MDD 5.3 times greater than males. CD disease duration was inversely correlated with MDD severity. Individuals with active CD were more likely to have MDD (OR = 796.0; 95% CI 133.7‒4738.8) than individuals with CD remission. MDD was more prevalent in inflammatory behavior (45.5%) and there were no statistical differences regarding the disease location. 19.8% of the sample scored positive for SR. CONCLUSION: The present results support data showing an increased prevalence of MDD in individuals with CD. Additionally, it indicates that MDD in CD might be related to the activity of CD. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm these results and to address whether MDD leads to CD activity, CD activity leads to MDD or both ways are existent.

The relationship of major depressive disorder with Crohn's disease activity

Abstract Introduction: Crohn's disease (CD) has been related to an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders and suicide risk (SR). However, the nature of their relationship still deserves clarification. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in patients with CD, and to investigate the relationship between MDD and CD outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving CD patients was performed. CD activity was evaluated by the Harvey-Bradshaw index and CD phenotype by the Montreal classification. The presence of MDD was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire score-9 (PHQ-9). Sociodemographic data and other characteristics were retrieved from electronic medical records. Results: 283 patients with CD were included. The prevalence of MDD was 41.7%. Females had a risk of MDD 5.3 times greater than males. CD disease duration was inversely correlated with MDD severity. Individuals with active CD were more likely to have MDD (OR = 796.0; 95% CI 133.7‒4738.8) than individuals with CD remission. MDD was more prevalent in inflammatory behavior (45.5%) and there were no statistical differences regarding the disease location. 19.8% of the sample scored positive for SR. Conclusion: The present results support data showing an increased prevalence of MDD in individuals with CD. Additionally, it indicates that MDD in CD might be related to the activity of CD. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm these results and to address whether MDD leads to CD activity, CD activity leads to MDD or both ways are existent.

SMALL BOWEL IS LARGELY AFFECTED IN BEHÇET'S DISEASE: A LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS.

BACKGROUND: Behçet's disease is a rare immune-mediated disorder that can affect the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence and extension of small bowel involvement is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the small bowel lesions diagnosed by double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and to verify if these findings were associated to the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms and disease activity after long-term follow-up. METHODS: This study included 19 Behçet's disease patients who underwent DBE. After a mean follow-up of 15 years the endoscopic findings were associated to the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, disease activity and current therapy through collection of electronic medical records. RESULTS: A total of 63.2% patients were female and the mean age was 37 years at the time of DBE. Mean disease duration at baseline was 24 years. 11 patients had no gastrointestinal symptoms and eight patients presented either abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding or diarrhea. The average procedure time was 1 hour and 30 minutes and the ileum was achieved in all patients but one. Small bowel ulcers were diagnosed in 78.9%, with 63.1% of jejunal involvement. Two patients presented only small bowel edema and two were normal by DBE. Eight patients had concomitant gastric ulcers. Gastrointestinal symptoms prior to DBE were present in 36.8% of the patients and, after follow-up, all of them persisted with some of the symptoms. Bleeding was reported by three patients at baseline and persisted in only one patient. The frequency of treatment with steroids and immunomodulators was 31.6% and 57.9% at baseline, respectively, and 21% in both at the end of the follow-up. No patient was treated with biologics at the time of the DBE procedure and the current rate of biologic use is 21%. CONCLUSION: Small bowel involvement in Behçet's disease was frequently demonstrated by DBE even in asymptomatic patients. Understanding clinical evolution of the disease over the years and the impact of such diagnosis still represents a challenge, possibly with the need for novel treatment.

O intestino delgado é amplamente afetado na doença de Behçet: um acompanhamento de longo prazo dos sintomas gastrointestinais / Small bowel is largely affected in behçet's disease: a long-term follow-up of gastrointestinal symptoms

ABSTRACT Background Behçet's disease is a rare immune-mediated disorder that can affect the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence and extension of small bowel involvement is largely unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to describe the small bowel lesions diagnosed by double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and to verify if these findings were associated to the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms and disease activity after long-term follow-up. Methods This study included 19 Behçet's disease patients who underwent DBE. After a mean follow-up of 15 years the endoscopic findings were associated to the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, disease activity and current therapy through collection of electronic medical records. Results A total of 63.2% patients were female and the mean age was 37 years at the time of DBE. Mean disease duration at baseline was 24 years. 11 patients had no gastrointestinal symptoms and eight patients presented either abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding or diarrhea. The average procedure time was 1 hour and 30 minutes and the ileum was achieved in all patients but one. Small bowel ulcers were diagnosed in 78.9%, with 63.1% of jejunal involvement. Two patients presented only small bowel edema and two were normal by DBE. Eight patients had concomitant gastric ulcers. Gastrointestinal symptoms prior to DBE were present in 36.8% of the patients and, after follow-up, all of them persisted with some of the symptoms. Bleeding was reported by three patients at baseline and persisted in only one patient. The frequency of treatment with steroids and immunomodulators was 31.6% and 57.9% at baseline, respectively, and 21% in both at the end of the follow-up. No patient was treated with biologics at the time of the DBE procedure and the current rate of biologic use is 21%. Conclusion Small bowel involvement in Behçet's disease was frequently demonstrated by DBE even in asymptomatic patients. Understanding clinical evolution of the disease over the years and the impact of such diagnosis still represents a challenge, possibly with the need for novel treatment.

RESUMO Contexto A doença de Behçet é uma doença imunomediada rara que pode afetar o trato gastrointestinal. A prevalência e extensão do envolvimento do intestino delgado é desconhecida. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as lesões do intestino delgado diagnosticadas por enteroscopia de duplo balão (EDB) e verificar se esses achados estavam associados à presença de sintomas gastrointestinais e atividade da doença após seguimento de longo prazo. Métodos Este estudo incluiu 19 pacientes com doença de Behçet que foram submetidos a EDB. Após seguimento médio de 15 anos, os achados endoscópicos foram associados à presença de sintomas gastrointestinais, atividade da doença e terapia atual por meio de coleta de prontuário eletrônico. Resultados Um total de 63,2% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino e a média de idade era de 37 anos no momento da EDB. A duração média da doença no início do estudo foi de 24 anos. 11 pacientes não apresentaram sintomas gastrointestinais e oito pacientes apresentaram dor abdominal, sangramento gastrointestinal ou diarréia. O tempo médio do procedimento foi de 1 hora e 30 minutos e o íleo foi atingido em todos os pacientes, exceto em um. Úlceras de intestino delgado foram diagnosticadas em 78,9%, sendo 63,1% de acometimento jejunal. Dois pacientes apresentaram apenas edema de intestino delgado e dois apresentaram EDB normais. Oito pacientes tinham úlceras gástricas concomitantes. Sintomas gastrointestinais prévios à EDB estavam presentes em 36,8% dos pacientes e, após o seguimento, todos persistiram com alguns dos sintomas. Sangramento foi relatado por três pacientes no início do estudo e persistiu em apenas um paciente. A frequência de tratamento com esteroides e imunomoduladores foi de 31,6% e 57,9% no início do estudo, respectivamente, e 21% em ambos ao final do seguimento. Nenhum paciente foi tratado com biológicos no momento da EDB e a taxa atual de uso de biológicos é de 21%. Conclusão O envolvimento do intestino delgado na doença de Behçet foi frequentemente demonstrado por EDB mesmo em pacientes assintomáticos. Compreender a evolução clínica da doença ao longo dos anos e o impacto de tal diagnóstico ainda representa um desafio, possivelmente com a necessidade de novos tratamentos.

Tratamento cirúrgico de pacientes adultos com doença de Crohn e retocolite ulcerativa: um consenso da Organização Brasileira de Doença de Crohn e Colite (GEDIIB) / Surgical management of adult crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients: a consensus from the brazilian organization of crohn's disease and colitis (gediib)

ABSTRACT Background: Despite optimized medical therapy, contemporary risk of surgery in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) after 10 years of diagnosis is 9.2% in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 26.2% in Crohn's disease, (CD) in the biological era. Objective: This consensus aims to detail guidance to the most appropriate surgical procedures in different IBD scenarios. In addition, it details surgical indications and perioperative management of adult patients with CD and UC. Methods: Our consensus was developed by colorectal surgeons and gastroenterologists representing the Brazilian Study Group of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (GEDIIB), with the Rapid Review methodology being conducted to support the recommendations/statements. Surgical recommendations were structured and mapped according to the disease phenotypes, surgical indications, and techniques. After structuring the recommendations/statements, the modified Delphi Panel methodology was used to conduct the voting by experts in IBD surgery and gastroenterology. This consisted of three rounds: two using a personalized and anonymous online voting platform and one face-to-face presential meeting. Whenever participants did not agree with specific statements or recommendations, an option to outline possible reasons was offered to enable free-text responses and provide the opportunity for the experts to elaborate or explain disagreement. The consensus of recommendations/statements in each round was considered to have been reached if there was ≥80% agreement. Results and conclusion: This consensus addressed the most relevant information to guide the decision-making process for adequate surgical management of CD and UC. It synthesizes recommendations developed from evidence-based statements and state-of-art knowledge. Surgical recommendations were structured and mapped according to the different disease phenotypes, indications for surgery and perioperative management. Specific focus of our consensus was given to elective and emergency surgical procedures, determining when to indicate surgery and which procedures may be the more appropriate. The consensus is targeted to gastroenterologists and surgeons interested in the treatment and management of adult patients with CD or UC and supports decision-making of healthcare payors, institutional leaders, and/or administrators.

RESUMO Contexto: Apesar da terapia medicamentosa otimizada, o risco contemporâneo de cirurgia nas doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII) após 10 anos do diagnóstico é de 9,2% em pacientes com retocolite ulcerativa (RCU) e de 26,2% na doença de Crohn (DC) na era biológica. Objetivo: Este consenso visa detalhar as orientações para os procedimentos cirúrgicos mais adequados em diferentes cenários da DII. Além disso, detalha as indicações cirúrgicas e o manejo perioperatório de pacientes adultos com DC e RCU. Métodos: Nosso consenso foi desenvolvido por cirurgiões colorretais e gastroenterologistas representantes da Organização Brasileira de Doença de Crohn e Colite (GEDIIB), com a metodologia de revisão rápida sendo conduzida para respaldar as recomendações. As recomendações cirúrgicas foram estruturadas e mapeadas de acordo com os fenótipos da doença, indicações cirúrgicas e técnicas. Após a estruturação das recomendações, a metodologia modificada do Painel Delphi foi utilizada para conduzir a votação por especialistas em cirurgia de DII e gastroenterologia. Esta consistiu em três rondas: duas com recurso a uma plataforma de votação online personalizada e anônima e uma reunião presencial. Sempre que os participantes não concordavam com afirmações ou recomendações específicas, era oferecida uma opção de delinear possíveis razões para permitir respostas em texto livre e dar a oportunidade para os especialistas elaborarem ou explicarem a discordância. O consenso de recomendações/declarações em cada rodada foi considerado alcançado se houve concordância ≥80%. Resultados e conclusão Este consenso abordou as informações mais relevantes para orientar o processo de tomada de decisão para o manejo cirúrgico adequado de DC e RCU. Ele sintetiza recomendações desenvolvidas a partir de evidências e conhecimento de alto nível. As recomendações cirúrgicas foram estruturadas e mapeadas de acordo com os diferentes fenótipos da doença, indicações para cirurgia e manejo perioperatório. O foco específico do nosso consenso foi dado aos procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos e de emergência, determinando quando indicar a cirurgia e quais procedimentos podem ser os mais adequados. O consenso é direcionado a gastroenterologistas e cirurgiões interessados no tratamento e manejo de pacientes adultos com DC ou RCU e apoia a tomada de decisões de pagadores de saúde, líderes institucionais e/ou administradores.

ANORECTAL MANOMETRY STANDARD OF A BRAZILIAN POPULATION AT PRODUCTIVE AGE WITHOUT PELVIC FLOOR DISORDERS: A PROSPECTIVE VOLUNTEERED STUDY.

BACKGROUND: Due to the lack of normal standards of anorectal manometry in Brazil, data used are subject to normality patterns described at different nationalities. AIM: To determine the values and range of the parameters evaluated at anorectal manometry in people, at productive age, without pelvic floor disorders comparing the parameters obtained between male and female. METHODS: Prospective analysis of clinical data, such as gender, age, race, body mass index (BMI) and anorectal manometry, of volunteers from a Brazilian university reference in pelvic floor disorders. RESULTS: Forty patients were included, with a mean age of 45.5 years in males and 37.2 females (p=0.43). According to male and female, respectively in mmHg, resting pressures were similar (78.28 vs. 63.51, p=0.40); squeeze pressures (153.89 vs. 79.78, p=0.007) and total squeeze pressures (231.27 vs. 145.63, p=0.002). Men presented significantly higher values of anorectal squeeze pressures, as well as the average length of the functional anal canal (2.85 cm in male vs. 2.45 cm in female, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Normal sphincter pressure levels in Brazilians differ from those used until now as normal literature standards. Male gender has higher external anal sphincter tonus as compared to female, in addition a greater extension of the functional anal canal.

Anorectal manometry standard of a brazilian population at productive age without pelvic floor disorders: a prospective volunteered study / Valores manométricos anorretais para a população brasileira eutrófica em idade produtiva e sem distúrbios do assoalho pélvico: estudo prospectivo com voluntários

ABSTRACT Background: Due to the lack of normal standards of anorectal manometry in Brazil, data used are subject to normality patterns described at different nationalities. Aim: To determine the values and range of the parameters evaluated at anorectal manometry in people, at productive age, without pelvic floor disorders comparing the parameters obtained between male and female. Methods: Prospective analysis of clinical data, such as gender, age, race, body mass index (BMI) and anorectal manometry, of volunteers from a Brazilian university reference in pelvic floor disorders. Results: Forty patients were included, with a mean age of 45.5 years in males and 37.2 females (p=0.43). According to male and female, respectively in mmHg, resting pressures were similar (78.28 vs. 63.51, p=0.40); squeeze pressures (153.89 vs. 79.78, p=0.007) and total squeeze pressures (231.27 vs. 145.63, p=0.002). Men presented significantly higher values of anorectal squeeze pressures, as well as the average length of the functional anal canal (2.85 cm in male vs. 2.45 cm in female, p=0.003). Conclusions: Normal sphincter pressure levels in Brazilians differ from those used until now as normal literature standards. Male gender has higher external anal sphincter tonus as compared to female, in addition a greater extension of the functional anal canal

RESUMO Racional: Devido à falta de padrões normais de manometria anorretal no Brasil, os dados utilizados estão sujeitos a padrões de normalidade descritos em diferentes nacionalidades . Objetivo: Determinar os valores e a faixa da manometria anorretal de pessoas em idade produtiva, sem distúrbios do assoalho pélvico, comparando os parâmetros obtidos entre homens e mulheres. Métodos: Análise prospectiva de dados clínicos, como gênero, idade, raça, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e manometria anorretal, de voluntários de uma referência universitária brasileira em distúrbios do assoalho pélvico. Resultados: Quarenta pessoas foram incluídas, com idade média de 45,5 anos nos homens e 37,2 nas mulheres (p=0,43). De acordo com homens e mulheres, respectivamente em mmHg, as pressões de repouso foram semelhantes (78,28 vs. 63,51, p=0,40); pressões de contração (153,89 vs. 79,78, p=0,007) e pressão total de compressão (231,27 vs. 145,63, p=0,002). Os homens apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de contração esfincteriana, assim como o comprimento médio do canal anal funcional (2,85 cm nos homens vs. 2,45 cm nas mulheres, p=0,003). Conclusões: Os níveis normais de pressão esfincteriana no Brasil diferem dos utilizados até o momento como padrão normal da literatura. O gênero masculino apresenta maior tônus ​​do esfíncter anal externo em relação ao feminino, além de maior extensão do canal anal funcional

A New Classification for Hemorrhoidal Disease: The Creation of the "BPRST" Staging and Its Application in Clinical Practice.

PURPOSE: Present an updated classification for symptomatic hemorrhoids, which not only guides the treatment of internal hemorrhoids but also the treatment of external components. In addition, this new classification includes new treatment alternatives created over the last few years. METHODS: Throughout the past 7 years, the authors developed a method to classify patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids. This study, besides presenting this classification proposal, also retrospectively analyzed 149 consecutive patients treated between March 2011 and November 2013 and aimed to evaluate the association between the management adopted with Goligher classification and our proposed BPRST classification. RESULTS: Both classifications had a statistically significant association with the adopted management strategies. However, the BPRST classification tended to have fewer management discrepancies when each stage of disease was individually analyzed. CONCLUSION: Although there is much disagreement about how the classification of hemorrhoidal disease should be updated, it is accepted that some kind of revision is needed. The BPRST method showed a strong association with the management that should be adopted for each stage of the disease. Further studies are needed for its validation, but the current results are encouraging.

Management of inflammatory bowel disease patients in the COVID-19 pandemic era: a Brazilian tertiary referral center guidance

The world is fighting the COVID-19 outbreak and health workers, including inflammatory bowel diseases specialists, have been challenged to address the specific clinical issues of their patients. We hereby summarize the current literature in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients during the COVID-19 pandemic era that support the rearrangement of our IBD unit and the clinical advice provided to our patients

Local treatment of colostomy prolapse with the MESH STRIP technique: A novel and highly efficient day hospital technique.

OBJECTIVE: Stoma prolapse is an intussusception of the bowel through a mature stoma. It can be caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure, excessively mobile bowel mesentery and/or a large opening in the abdominal wall at the time of stoma formation. It occurs predominantly in loop stomas, and correction methods include conservative modalities, such as local reduction to the prolapsed bowel, or surgical treatment. The purpose of this study was to describe our experience with the treatment of colostomy prolapse using a novel mesh strip technique. METHODS: Between February 2009 and March 2018, ten consecutive male patients underwent correction of colostomy prolapse under local anesthesia by peristomal placement of a polypropylene mesh strip. Operation time, short- and long-term complications, and recurrence rates were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: No postoperative complications, morbidity or mortality were observed. The median length of the prolapse ranged from 6-20 cm, and the median operative time was 30 minutes. The median duration of follow-up was 25 months (range, 12-89 months). No relapse, mesh strip extrusion, local infection or granuloma formation were found. CONCLUSION: A simple, fast, and low-cost operation under local anesthesia using a mesh strip is a valuable option to treat colostomy prolapse.

Local treatment of colostomy prolapse with the MESH STRIP technique: A novel and highly efficient day hospital technique

OBJECTIVE: Stoma prolapse is an intussusception of the bowel through a mature stoma. It can be caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure, excessively mobile bowel mesentery and/or a large opening in the abdominal wall at the time of stoma formation. It occurs predominantly in loop stomas, and correction methods include conservative modalities, such as local reduction to the prolapsed bowel, or surgical treatment. The purpose of this study was to describe our experience with the treatment of colostomy prolapse using a novel mesh strip technique. METHODS: Between February 2009 and March 2018, ten consecutive male patients underwent correction of colostomy prolapse under local anesthesia by peristomal placement of a polypropylene mesh strip. Operation time, short- and long-term complications, and recurrence rates were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: No postoperative complications, morbidity or mortality were observed. The median length of the prolapse ranged from 6-20 cm, and the median operative time was 30 minutes. The median duration of follow-up was 25 months (range, 12-89 months). No relapse, mesh strip extrusion, local infection or granuloma formation were found. CONCLUSION: A simple, fast, and low-cost operation under local anesthesia using a mesh strip is a valuable option to treat colostomy prolapse.

Anoplasty with skin tag flap for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. / Anoplastia com plicoma sentinela para o tratamento de fissura anal crônica.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the long-term results of the correction of chronic anal fissures (CAF) in patients without anal hypertonia using the technique of anoplasty with skin tag flap. METHODS: we conducted a prospective study of CAF patients refractory to conservative treatment without anal hypertonia, subjected to anoplasty with the use of anal plicoma to cover the bloody area. We confirmed the absence of anal hypertonia through rectal exam and electromanometry. We applied a visual pain questionnaire and the Cleveland Clinic fecal incontinence score before and after surgery. RESULTS: we followed 15 patients with chronic anal fissure for a mean period of 29 months (12-56). The mean age was 41 years (29-69) and the duration of symptoms ranged from six months to five years. Healing occurred between three and six weeks for 13 patients (86.7%). The other two patients underwent debridement and new anoplasty successfully. No plicoma necrosis or anal stenosis occurred in any patient. The anal incontinence score did not change after the procedure, and all patients reported reduced pain. After 12 months of follow-up, none of the patients presented recurrence or anal incontinence, and 93.3% (14/15) of the patients were very satisfied. CONCLUSION: fissurectomy and anoplasty with the use of sentinel plie is a safe technique that results in improvement in pain without change of fecal continence and with high satisfaction rates.

OBJETIVO: avaliar os resultados de longo prazo da correção de fissuras anais crônicas em pacientes sem hipertonia anal usando a técnica de anoplastia com o plicoma sentinela. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo de pacientes com fissura anal crônica refratários ao tratamento conservador e sem hipertonia anal, submetidos à operação de anoplastia com utilização do plicoma anal para cobrir a área cruenta. Foi confirmada a ausência de hipertonia anal através do toque retal e da eletromanometria. Foi aplicado um questionário de dor visual e o escore de incontinência fecal da Cleveland Clinic, antes e após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: quinze pacientes com fissura anal crônica foram acompanhados por um período médio de 29 meses (12 a 56). A média de idade foi 41 anos (29 a 69) e a duração dos sintomas variou entre seis meses e cinco anos. A cicatrização ocorreu entre três e seis semanas para 13 pacientes (86,7%). Os outros dois pacientes foram submetidos a desbridamento e nova anoplastia, com sucesso. Em nenhum paciente ocorreu necrose do plicoma ou estenose anal. O escore de incontinência anal não se alterou após o procedimento e todos os pacientes referiram melhora da dor. Após 12 meses de seguimento, nenhum paciente apresentou recorrência ou incontinência anal e 93,3% (14/15) dos pacientes responderam estar muito satisfeitos. CONCLUSÃO: fissurectomia e anoplastia com o uso do plicoma sentinela é uma técnica segura que resulta em melhora da dor sem alterações da continência fecal e com altas taxas de satisfação.

Anoplastia com plicoma sentinela para o tratamento de fissura anal crônica / Anoplasty with skin tag flap for the treatment of chronic anal fissure

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os resultados de longo prazo da correção de fissuras anais crônicas em pacientes sem hipertonia anal usando a técnica de anoplastia com o plicoma sentinela. Métodos: estudo prospectivo de pacientes com fissura anal crônica refratários ao tratamento conservador e sem hipertonia anal, submetidos à operação de anoplastia com utilização do plicoma anal para cobrir a área cruenta. Foi confirmada a ausência de hipertonia anal através do toque retal e da eletromanometria. Foi aplicado um questionário de dor visual e o escore de incontinência fecal da Cleveland Clinic, antes e após a cirurgia. Resultados: quinze pacientes com fissura anal crônica foram acompanhados por um período médio de 29 meses (12 a 56). A média de idade foi 41 anos (29 a 69) e a duração dos sintomas variou entre seis meses e cinco anos. A cicatrização ocorreu entre três e seis semanas para 13 pacientes (86,7%). Os outros dois pacientes foram submetidos a desbridamento e nova anoplastia, com sucesso. Em nenhum paciente ocorreu necrose do plicoma ou estenose anal. O escore de incontinência anal não se alterou após o procedimento e todos os pacientes referiram melhora da dor. Após 12 meses de seguimento, nenhum paciente apresentou recorrência ou incontinência anal e 93,3% (14/15) dos pacientes responderam estar muito satisfeitos. Conclusão: fissurectomia e anoplastia com o uso do plicoma sentinela é uma técnica segura que resulta em melhora da dor sem alterações da continência fecal e com altas taxas de satisfação.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the long-term results of the correction of chronic anal fissures (CAF) in patients without anal hypertonia using the technique of anoplasty with skin tag flap. Methods: we conducted a prospective study of CAF patients refractory to conservative treatment without anal hypertonia, subjected to anoplasty with the use of anal plicoma to cover the bloody area. We confirmed the absence of anal hypertonia through rectal exam and electromanometry. We applied a visual pain questionnaire and the Cleveland Clinic fecal incontinence score before and after surgery. Results: we followed 15 patients with chronic anal fissure for a mean period of 29 months (12-56). The mean age was 41 years (29-69) and the duration of symptoms ranged from six months to five years. Healing occurred between three and six weeks for 13 patients (86.7%). The other two patients underwent debridement and new anoplasty successfully. No plicoma necrosis or anal stenosis occurred in any patient. The anal incontinence score did not change after the procedure, and all patients reported reduced pain. After 12 months of follow-up, none of the patients presented recurrence or anal incontinence, and 93.3% (14/15) of the patients were very satisfied. Conclusion: fissurectomy and anoplasty with the use of sentinel plie is a safe technique that results in improvement in pain without change of fecal continence and with high satisfaction rates.

Análise funcional e anatômica anorretal de pacientes femininas portadoras de esclerodermia em um centro universitário de referência em desordens do assoalho pélvico / Functional and anatomical analysis of the anorectum of female scleroderma patients at a center for pelvic floor disorders

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Scleroderma or progressive systemic sclerosis is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process with proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and excessive deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix in the skin, smooth muscle, and viscera. The smooth muscle most involved in scleroderma is that of the esophagus, and dysphagia is the most commonly reported symptom. However, the internal anal sphincter may also be impaired by degeneration and fibrosis, leading to concomitant anal incontinence in scleroderma patients. These patients may neglect to complain about it, except when actively questioned. OBJECTIVE: To assess anorectal function and anatomy of female scleroderma patients with symptoms of anal incontinence through Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Score (CCFIS), anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound at the outpatient clinic of colorectal and anal physiology, Clinics Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School (HC-FMUSP). METHODS: Female scleroderma patients were prospectively assessed and questioned as to symptoms of anal incontinence. The anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound results were correlated with clinical data and symptoms. RESULTS: In total, 13 women were evaluated. Their mean age was 55.77 years (±16.14; 27-72 years) and their mean disease duration was 10.23 years (±6.23; 2-23 years). All had symptoms of fecal incontinence ranging from 1 to 15. Seven (53.8%) patients had fecal incontinence score no higher than 7; three (23.1%) between 8 and 13; and three (23.1%) 14 or higher, corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe incontinence, respectively. Ten (76.92%) patients had hypotonia of the internal anal sphincter. Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound showed tapering associated with muscle atrophy of the internal sphincter in six cases and previous muscle defects in three cases. CONCLUSION: A functional and anatomical impairment of the sphincter is an important factor to assess in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and it should not be underestimated.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Esclerodermia ou esclerose sistêmica progressiva caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório crônico com proliferação e fibrose do tecido conjuntivo e uma deposição excessiva de colágeno e matriz extracelular na pele, musculatura lisa e vísceras. A musculatura lisa mais envolvida é a esofágica e a disfagia é o sintoma mais comumente relatado. Entretanto, o esfíncter anal interno também pode ser acometido por essa degeneração e fibrose ocasionando incontinência anal nos pacientes portadores de esclerodermia. Isso pode ser omitido pelo paciente, exceto quando questionado de forma direta. OBJETIVO: Analisar a função e anatomia anorretal através do escore de incontinência anal de Cleveland Clinic Florida, manometria anorretal e ultrassom endoanal em pacientes do sexo feminino portadoras de esclerodermia e sintomas de incontinência anal atendidas no ambulatório de Fisiologia Colorretoanal no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). RESULTADOS: Treze pacientes do sexo feminino foram avaliadas com média de idade de 55,77 anos (±16,14; 27-72 anos) e duração média da doença de 10,23 anos (±6,23; 2-23 anos). O índice de incontinência anal teve variação de 1-15, sendo que sete (53,8%) pacientes apresentavam índice inferior a 7; três (23,1%) entre 8 e 13; e três (23,1%) superior a 14, correspondendo à incontinência anal leve, moderada e grave, respectivamente. Dez (76,92%) pacientes apresentavam hipotonia do esfíncter anal interno. O estudo da ultrassonografia endoanal de três dimensões demonstrou afilamento com atrofia do esfíncter anal interno em seis casos e defeito muscular em três pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: O prejuízo funcional e anatômico do complexo esfincteriano anorretal é um importante fator a ser analisado em pacientes portadores de esclerose sistêmica progressiva e isso não pode ser subestimado.

FUNCTIONAL AND ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANORECTUM OF FEMALE SCLERODERMA PATIENTS AT A CENTER FOR PELVIC FLOOR DISORDERS.

BACKGROUND: Scleroderma or progressive systemic sclerosis is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process with proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and excessive deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix in the skin, smooth muscle, and viscera. The smooth muscle most involved in scleroderma is that of the esophagus, and dysphagia is the most commonly reported symptom. However, the internal anal sphincter may also be impaired by degeneration and fibrosis, leading to concomitant anal incontinence in scleroderma patients. These patients may neglect to complain about it, except when actively questioned. OBJECTIVE: To assess anorectal function and anatomy of female scleroderma patients with symptoms of anal incontinence through Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Score (CCFIS), anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound at the outpatient clinic of colorectal and anal physiology, Clinics Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School (HC-FMUSP). METHODS: Female scleroderma patients were prospectively assessed and questioned as to symptoms of anal incontinence. The anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound results were correlated with clinical data and symptoms. RESULTS: In total, 13 women were evaluated. Their mean age was 55.77 years (±16.14; 27-72 years) and their mean disease duration was 10.23 years (±6.23; 2-23 years). All had symptoms of fecal incontinence ranging from 1 to 15. Seven (53.8%) patients had fecal incontinence score no higher than 7; three (23.1%) between 8 and 13; and three (23.1%) 14 or higher, corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe incontinence, respectively. Ten (76.92%) patients had hypotonia of the internal anal sphincter. Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound showed tapering associated with muscle atrophy of the internal sphincter in six cases and previous muscle defects in three cases. CONCLUSION: A functional and anatomical impairment of the sphincter is an important factor to assess in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and it should not be underestimated.